GREETING

Greeting is an act of communication in which human beings intentionally make their presence known to each other, to show attention to, and to suggest a type of relationship or social status between individuals or groups of people coming in contact with each other. While greeting customs are highly culture- and situation-specific and may change within a culture depending on social status and relationship, they exist in all known human cultures. Greetings can be expressed both audibly and physically, and often involve a combination of the two. This topic excludes military and ceremonial salutes but includes rituals other than gestures. Greetings are often, but not always, used just prior to a conversation.
A greeting can consist of an exchange of formal expression, a simple kiss, a hand shake or a hug. The form of greeting is determined by social etiquette, as well as by the relationship of the people. Beyond the formal greeting, which may involve a verbal acknowledgment and sometimes a hand shake, facial expression, gestures, body language and eye contact can all signal what type of greeting is expected. Gestures are the most obvious signal, for instance greeting someone with open arms is generally a sign that a hug is expected. However, crossing arms can be interpreted as a sign of hostility. Facial expression, body language and eye contact reflect emotions and interest level. A frown, slouching and lowered eye contact suggests disinterest, while smiling and an exuberant attitude is a sign of welcome.
Naturally speaking
You say hello, and I say goodbye!
Follow the dialogue.
Mr Bean meets Mrs Breuer, one of his students, and her husband in the street.
Mr Bean:
Good morning, Mrs Breuer.
Mrs Breuer:
Good morning, Mr Bean. How are you?
Mr Bean:
I'm fine thanks, and you?
Mrs Breuer:
Not too bad. Mr Bean, this is my husband Michael, Michael this is Mr Bean my English teacher.
Mr Breuer:
Pleased to meet you.
Mr Bean:
Pleased to meet you too. Are you from Germany, Mr Breuer?
Mr Breuer:
Yes, East Germany, from Dresden. And you, are you from London?
Mr Bean:
No, I'm from Derby, but I live in London now.
Mrs Breuer:
Well, goodbye Mr Bean, it was nice to see you.
Mr Bean:
Yes, goodbye.
Formal to Informal Greetings and Introductions
First meetings

Formal
Introducing yourself
Introducing others
Responding to an introduction
On Leaving


How do you do? My name is Mrs Hand.
Mrs Hand, may I introduce my boss, Mr Smith.
Pleased to meet you Mrs Hand.
Goodbye. It's a pleasure to have met you.


Hello, Lynne Hand. I'm the owner of this web site.
Lynne, I'd like you to meet John Smith, our salesman. John, this is Lynne Hand.
Pleased to meet you Lynne.
Goodbye. Nice to have met you.


Lynne Hand.
Lynne, meet John, my husband. John, this is my teacher Lynne.
Hi, Lynne. How are you?
Bye. It was nice to meet you.

Informal

Subsequent meetings

Formal
Possible Greetings
Possible responses

Hello, Mrs Hand. It's nice to see you again.
What a pleasant surprise! How are you? It's been a while.


Good morning Mrs Hand. How are you today?
I'm very well thank you. And you?



Good afternoon, Mrs Hand. It's good to see you.
Thank you. It's nice to see you too. How are you?



Hello Lynne. How are you doing?
Fine thanks. What's new with you?


Hi, Lynne! How's it going?
Not too bad, busy as ever.


Hi, Lynne. How are things?
Oh fine. You know how it is.

Agreeing and Disagreeing

Agreeing
I agree.
So do I.
Me too.
Me neither.
I don't either. (Agreeing about a negative idea.)
(Agreeing about a negative idea.)
You're right.
That's right.
Good idea.
I think that's a good idea.
Disagreeing
I disagree.
I don't think so.
(No.) That's not right.
Yes, but...
(I'm sorry, but) I don't agree.

1. Cause and Effect Relationship
Cause and effect realitionship are sometimes used in expressing opinion or reason of our agreeing or disagreeing. The following are conjunctions usually used.
• Because
• Since
• As long as
• Such…. That/so…. That
• So
Examples:
• I don’t agree with your opinion because it is impossible for me to do that
• Because you are sleepy , it’s better for you to go to bed
• Since I am not interested in classical music, I decided not to go to the concert
• We can go camping tomorrow since we will not have any class
• As long as you are not busy now, could you help me with this work?
• It was such good coffe that I had another cup
• It was such a foggy day that we could’t see the road
• He mad so many mistakes that he failed the exam
• She has so much money that she can buy whatever she wants.
• He spoke too fast so I couldn’t understand him.

2. Concessive Realitionship
Clauses of concession usually introduced by:
 Though, although, even though.
 Even if ,
(it gives an idea that a particular condition does not matter. The result does not change. (a): if you like him or you don’t like him. You can still be polite. No matter what condition of emotional feeling you have , you don’t care about it)
 however
Examples:
• Even if you don’t like him , you can still be polite
• Although the agenda had been carefully discussed. There were complaints from the participants.
• Even though it is raining very hard, he keeps on walking
• Edy is often absent to class. However he still allowed to join the test
• The teacher always speaks too fast. However I can still understand her.

Noun Clause
1. Noun clause begin with :whether or if”
Yes/no Question Noun clauses
1. What she come?
2. Does he need help? a. Idon’t know whether she will come
I don’t know if she will come
b. I wonder whether he needs help
I wonder if he needs help.
c. I wonder whether or not she will come
d. I wonder whethershe will come or not
e. I wonder if she will come or not
f. Whether she will come or not is unimportabt to me.

2.Noun Clause which begin with “that”
Statements Noun Clauses
1. He is a good actor.
2. The world is round .
3. She doesn’t understand spoken English
4. The world Is round 1.a. I think that he is a good actor
b. I think he is a good actor
2.We know (that) the world is round
3. a. That she doesn’t understand spoken English is obvious
b. it is obvious (that) she doesn’t understand spoken English
4. a. That the world Is round is a fact
b. ia is fact that the world is round.

Expressing Opinion

1. Expressing Opinions: These terms are used to introduce an
opinion, either for or against:
• I think……
• I feel……..
• I believe…….
• As I see it……..
• In my opinion…….
• As far as I'm concerned……
• My point of view is that…….
• In my view……..
• It seems to me that……..
• I figure that…….
• From my point of view…….

2. Agreeing with an Opinion:
We use these words and phrases to agree with someone else’s point of view:
• My view about this is positive.
• I agree with this idea.
• I agree completely with this idea.
• I agree partially with this idea.
• This idea is absolutely right.
• This idea is partially right.
• I couldn't agree more on this.
• I think this idea is good.
• Of course.
• You’re absolutely right.
• Yes, I agree.
• I think so too.
• That’s a good point.
• Exactly.
• I don’t think so either.
• So do I.
• I'd go along with that.
• That’s true.
• Neither do I.
• I agree with you entirely.
• That's just what I was thinking.
• I couldn't agree more.

3. Disagreeing with an Opinion:
We use these words and phrases to disagree with someone else’s point of view:
• I think this idea is impossible/impractical/bad.
• I think this idea is possible, but……
• I think this idea cannot be implemented.
• I don't agree with this idea.
• I think it is a bad idea.
• I'm not sure that I agree with this idea.
• The project is feasible, but…….
• That’s different.
• I don’t agree with you.
• However…
• That’s not entirely true.
• On the contrary…
• I’m sorry to disagree with you, but…
• Yes, but don’t you think…
• That’s not the same thing at all.
• I’m afraid I have to disagree.
• I'm not so sure about that.
• I must take issue with you on that.
• It's unjustifiable to say that...


Personal Point of View
We use these words and phrases to express a personal point of view:
• In my experience…
• As far as I’m concerned…
• Speaking for myself…
• In my opinion…
• Personally, I think…
• I’d say that…
• I’d suggest that…
• I’d like to point out that…
• I believe that…
• What I mean is…


General Point of View
We use these words and phrases to express a point of view that is generally thought by people:
• It is thought that...
• Some people say that...
• It is considered...
• It is generally accepted that.

Making Conclusion

A conclusion should
• stress the importance of the thesis statement,
• give the essay a sense of completeness, and
• leave a final impression on the reader.

Suggestions

• Answer the question "So What?"
Show your readers why this paper was important. Show them that your paper was meaningful and useful.

• Synthesize, don't summarize
o Don't simply repeat things that were in your paper. They have read it. Show them how the points you made and the support and examples you used were not random, but fit together.

• Redirect your readers
o Give your reader something to think about, perhaps a way to use your paper in the "real" world. If your introduction went from general to specific, make your conclusion go from specific to general. Think globally.

• Create a new meaning
o You don't have to give new information to create a new meaning. By demonstrating how your ideas work together, you can create a new picture. Often the sum of the paper is worth more than its parts.


Strategies for Writing a Conclusion
Conclusions are often the most difficult part of an essay to write, and many writers feel that they have nothing left to say after having written the paper. A writer needs to keep in mind that the conclusion is often what a reader remembers best. Your conclusion should be the best part of your paper.

A.Singular or plurar verb
1.My friend lives in Bostom
Verb + s= singular (present tense)
2.My friend live in Bostom
Noun +s= plural
3.My brother and sister live in Bostom
Two (or more) subjects connected by and take a plural verb
4.The book on political parties in interesting
A prepositional phrase that comes between a subject and a verb does not affect the verb
5.The indeas in that book are interesting
A prepositional phrase that comes between a subject and a verb does not affect the verb

B.Using Expressions of Quantity
1.Some of the book is good
2.Some of the books are good
3.A lot of the equipment is new
4.A lot of my friends are here The verb is determined by the noun (or pronoun) which follows an expression of quantity. Examples of expressions of quantity: some of, most of, half of, two-thirds of, ninety percent of, etc
5.The number of students in the class is fifteen
6.A number of students were late
In (5) ; The number is the subject. In(6) ; a number of is an expression of quantity. It is followed by a plural noun and a plural verb

C.Using Singular Words

1.Every student has ben invited
2.Every man , woman and child needs love and understand
3.Each book and magazine is listed in the card catalog
4.Each of the students ha sa schedule
5.Everyone is here
6.Everyone is here
Every and each require singular verbs.
Noun that immediately follow every and each are singular . Each of, however is followed by a plural noun.
Everyone and everybody always take a singular verb.
7.One of my friends needs some help
One of + plural + singular verb
8.None of the boys is here
9.None of the boys are here
(informal) Subjects with none of are considered singular in very formal English, but plural verbs are frequently used in informal speech and writing.

D.Using “There + be”

1.There is a book on the shelf
2.There are some books on the shelf
The subject follows Be when there is used. In (1) the subject is book . in(2) the subjects is books.
3.There are a pen and a piece of paper on the desk
4.There is a pen and a piece of paper on the desk. (informal) In (4) sometimes in informal English a singular verb is used after there when the first of the two subjects connected by and is singular

E. Some Irregularities

1.The news is interesting
2.The United States is a big country
3.Those people are from Canada
4.The police have been called News = singular
The United States =singular
People =plural
Police= pliral
5.Eight hours of sleep is enough
6.Ten dollars is too much to pay
7.Five thousand miles is too far to go Expressions of time , money and distance are usually singular
8.Mathematics is easy for her
9.Statistics is a field of study
10.The statistic in that report are not accurate Nouns ending in –ics take singular verbs when they refer to an area of study , e.g., physics, economics, linguistics.
In (10) Some –ics nouns take plural verbs if they refer to a particular situation instead of a field of study
11.Chinese is a difficult language
12.The Chinese are kind and friendly
13.French is spoken in many countries
14.TheFrench are famous for their good wine In (11) Chinese = language
In(12) The Chinese = people
In(13) French = language
In(14) The French =people
15.The poor have many problems
16.The rich get richer The poor =people who are poor
The rich= people who are rich
Other examples : the old, the young, the blind, the deaf, the living, the dead.